在英译汉的过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达式不同，就不能逐词对译。原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使汉语译文通顺自然。

一、名词的转译

1.英语名词转译成动词

由动词派生的名词，具有动词意思的名词，以结尾表示身份或职业的名词等，这些名词都可以转译成动词。

                 【例1】            The remembrance of these will add zest to his life.

×对于这些事情的回想将会增添他生活的乐趣。

               【译文】          回想起这些事情，会给他的生活增添乐趣。

                 【例2】            He looked on the Convention as a fair and faithful representation of the people.

×他认为这次大会是人民的公正忠实的代表。

               【译文】          他认为这次大会公正忠实地代表了人民。

                 【例3】            Other governmental activities are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have their own constitutions and laws.

×其他政府活动则是各个州的责任，各州都有自己的宪法和法律。

               【译文】          其他政府职能则由各个州来承担，各州都有自己的宪法和法律。

                 【例4】            The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.

               【译文】          看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，我感到特别神往。

                 【例5】            To my knowledge, some computers have gone missing.

               【译文】          据我所知，有几台计算机失踪了。

                 【例6】            He was a good listener and they would like to talk with him.

×他是个好听众，所以他们喜欢同他谈话。

               【译文】          他善于听取别人意见，所以他们喜欢同他谈心。

1)由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中出现比较多。

·The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.
政府号召建立更多的技术学校。

·Until 1972, all efforts by the two nations to curb the nuclear arms race had founded on one point: U.S. insistence on the right to make on-site inspections of the Soviet strategic arsenal and Russia’s refusal.
到一九七二年为止，美苏之间关于限制核军备竞赛的一切努力都在这一点上失败了：美国坚持有权视察苏方战略武器现场，而苏联则拒绝这样做。

·Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已经被用来探索宇宙。

2) 含有动作意味的名词(在记叙、描写文体中出现较多)往往可以转译成动词。

·Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.
越南战争不断消耗着美国的资源。

·A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.
从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。

·Britain has no such natural protection from a flood of Hollywood.
英国没有这种天然的保护物来阻挡好莱坞影片的长驱直入。

3)英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，如teacher教师，thinker思想家等等，有时在句中并不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味。在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。

·He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他吃得饱睡得香。

·I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher thanI.
我担心自己不能教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。

·Some of my classmates are good singers.我同班同学中有些人歌唱得很好。

·Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doing.
在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。

4) 作为习语主体的名词往往可以译成动词。

·Every morning she would go to the lake area for a walk.
每天早晨，她都要到湖区去散步。

·They took a final look at it, still intact in the darkness.
他们最后看了它一眼——它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。

·The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.
下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。

·A great cloud rose from the ground and followed the trail of the great sun. At first it was a giant column, which soon took the shape of a supramundane mushroom. For a feeling instant it took the form of the Statue of Liberty magnified many times.
一朵庞大的烟云随着一轮巨日从地面升起。它起初是个巨大的圆柱，很快形成了凌云驾空的大蘑菇，一瞬间又变成了一座扩大了许多倍的自由女神像。

课堂练习

1.  New York City was a bitter disillusionment to some immigrants.

纽约使一些移民的幻想痛苦地破灭。

2.  The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues.

财富逐渐集中在少数人手中，引发了许多社会问题和政治问题。

3.  The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years.

过去的二十年中，美国的航空工业迅速发展。

4.  I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.

我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。

N-V

He is a good singer.他唱歌唱得好。

In China, there is a lot of emphasis on politeness.在中国，人们非常注重讲礼貌。

A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation.

仔细研究原文，你会翻译得更好。

I admire your decision to fight for the difficulties in preparing the examination.

你决定战胜复习考试中的困难，这一点我很羡慕。

Exercise

我们特别强调搞好售后服务(n)。

We lay special stress on the importance of offering good follow-up service.

真题

In terms of nations, it will be a world of much greater economic equality.（2001.9）

就（每个）国家而言，世界各国经济将越发不相上下。

If the learning of a new language begins before lower adolescence, one is likely to be able to speak such a language with complete naturalness, but if learned after upper adolescence some hangover of a mother-tongue feature is very likely to persist.（2000.9）

如果一个人在少年时期就学一门新的语言，那么（将来）很可能说得很流利。但如果成年还没有学语言，母语的一些习惯特征就会根深蒂固。

2.名词转译成形容词

由形容词派生的名词，以及有些加不定冠词时，译成形容词。

·Given that they’re inexperienced, they’ve done a good job.
鉴于他们没有经验，干成这样真不错。

·This experiment was a success. 这个实验很成功。

                 【例7】            Diligence and intelligence are of considerable importance to your success.

               【译文】          勤奋和才智对于获得成功是颇为重要的。

                 【例8】            I have so much work to do that a holiday for me this year is out of the question.

               【译文】          我有很多工作要做，今年休假是不可能的了。

                 【例9】            It's such a nuisance that I've got to work on Saturday.

               【译文】          我星期六还得上班，真讨厌。

               【例10】          As he was a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.

               【译文】          他对这座城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。

               【例11】          There's no point arguing about it -- just do as you're told.

               【译文】          争论是没有意义的，叫你怎么做你就怎么做。

3.名词转译成副词

·I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.

我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。

二、动词的转译

1.英语动词转译成名词

英语中有很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转换的动词，在翻译成汉语的时候，往往不易找到对应的动词，这时候可以将其转换成名词。

·Formality has always characterized their relationship.
他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。

·To them, he personified the absolute power.
在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。

名词派生的动词

               【例12】          In Greek mythology, love is personified by the goddess Aphrodite.

               【译文】          在希腊神话中，阿佛洛狄特女神是爱的化身。

               【例13】          Bright colours and bold strokes characterize his early paintings.

               【译文】          他早期绘画的特点是色彩鲜明，笔法粗犷。

               【例14】          They are already planning to staff the management in the event the joint venture is formed.

他们已经在打算合资企业一旦建成后经理部门的人事安排。

2.英语动词转译成副词

·He said, if this was the case, he would be tempted to try.
他说，如果情况是这样，他颇有跃跃欲试之意。

课堂练习

1.   Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.  这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。

2.   The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity.设计的目的在于自动操作，调节方便，维护简易，生产率高。

3.   The world will be a dull place indeed when all the different nationalities behave exactly alike.如果不同国家的人们行为举止完全一样，那么世界将成为一个实在无趣的地方。

4.   Population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.人口的增长是自然增长和不断移民的结果。

5.   The American economy is organized in single-owner businesses, partnerships and corporations.美国经济的组织方式是个人所有制，合伙制，和公司制。

三、形容词的转译

1.形容词转译成动词

英语形容词不少可以转译成动词。这种形容词大体包括两类：一类主要是由动词派生或转换而来，大多能引申出动词意义；另一类多用于表示各种心理状态，而这些心理状态在汉语中一般用动词表达。

Shortly after Jimmy Carter’s election as President, his advisers were reported as recommending lower taxes and higher government spending.
据说在吉米·卡特当选总统后不久，他的顾问们就建议应当降低税收，扩大政府开支。

·It was a very informative meeting.会上透露了许多信息。

               【例15】          He must have been aware that his parents' marriage was breaking up.

               【译文】          他一定已经知道父母的婚姻关系正在破裂。

               【例16】          Our computerized stock control system is now operative.

                                               

               【译文】          本公司的库存管理计算机系统现已运行。

               【例17】          His indulgent mother was willing to let him do anything he wanted.

               【译文】          他母亲很宠他，他不管想干什么她都愿意让他干。

2.形容词转译成名词

英语中一些名词化的形容词与冠词连用，表示一类人或事物，这类形容词翻译时往往转换成汉语名词；另外还有一些由名词派生、与名词同根或可以引申出名词意义的形容词，英译汉时都可以转换成名词。

The new treaty would be good for ten years.新条约的有效期为10年。

Official Moscow is going to object the proposal.莫斯科官方准备反对此项建议。

3.形容词转译成副词

At that time Copernicus was in the clear minority.那时，哥白尼显然属于少数派。

               【例18】          He felt responsible for her death. 他觉得她的死他有责任。

               【例19】          Lack of trust is very destructive in a relationship.

               【译文】          缺乏信任对人际关系的危害很大。

四 其它词类的转译

1 介词、副词转译成动词：

               【例20】          With a rifle across his shoulder the boy was playing the soldier.

               【译文】          那男孩肩上扛着枪在装士兵。

               【例21】          They worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.

               【译文】          他们吃的是简陋的饭菜，住的是寒冷的窑洞，在昏暗的灯光下长时间地工作。

               【例22】          The street runs westward, across a great bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.

               【译文】          这条大街向西而去，跨过一座大桥，延伸下坡后又上坡，经过了几家店铺和肉市，又越过了几幢平房，最后在一片开阔的绿草坪前突然到了尽头。

Training as a salesperson would guarantee her some employment once her schooling was through.。参加推销员培训就会确保他在学业完成以后能找到工作做。

TRANSLATION APPRECIATION

1. Respect a man, he will do the more.敬人者，人恒敬之。

2. Set one’s nerves on edge.心烦意乱。

3. Bad workmen often blame their tools.拙匠常怪工具差。

4. Show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter.班门弄斧。

5. Small gains bring great wealth.积小利，成巨富。

6. Many men, many minds.十个人，十条心。

7. Sow virtue, and the harvest will be virtue; sow vice, and the harvest will be vice.
善有善报，恶有恶报。

8. Speech is silver, silence is gold.能言是银，沉默是金。      

9. Step by step the ladder is ascended.登梯需要逐级登。

10. Stuff oneself with food the whole day, without applying one’s mind to anything good.
饱食终日，无所用心。

11. Success belongs to the persevering.胜利属于坚韧不拔的人。

12. Take French leave.不辞而别。

13. The die is cast.骰子出手——大局已定。/ 木已成舟。

14. The dog that fetches will carry.对你说别人坏话的人也会对别人说你的坏话。

15. The dogs bark, but the caravan goes on.说者自说，做者自做；我行我素，人言何干？

Exercises:

l. With the passage of time, my admiration for him grew more and more.

2. There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.

3. I buried my head under the miserable sheet and rug, and cried like a child.

4. The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing.

5. The sailors swarmed into a laughing and cheering ring around the two men.

1．随着时间的流失，我对他越来越敬慕。

2．目前我国各地对各种消费品的需要量已大大增加。

3．我非常难过，一头扎进被单和毯子里，像孩子一样哭了起来。

4．小偷颤抖着交代了自己干的坏事。

5．水手们兴高采烈，蜂拥而至，把这两个人围了起米。

adj/adv/pre-V

I am anxious about his health. 我担心他的身体健康。

After careful investigation they found the design behind. 经过仔细研究之后，他们发现这个设计落后了。

他到商店去买酱油。He went to the shop for a bottle of sauce.

I’m all for your opinion.我完全赞成你的意见。

真题

When leadership attempts to keep workers in the dark, workers tend to become distrustful. （2000.3）如果领导层让员工信息闭塞（蒙在鼓里），员工就会对领导不信任。

In this way, they may devote their time to the study of policy alternatives free from the teaching and departmental duties (that are part of the daily routine for most members of the academic community).2002.3

正因为如此 / 通过这种方式，这些专家就可以从大多数学术人士习以为常的日常教学和科系公务中脱离出来，全身心地投入到政策的研究中去。

We must avoid these stupid, short-sighted traps and constantly strive for an open communications system with objective information. （2000，3）

我们必须告别这些愚蠢、缺乏远见的做法，并致力于建立一个公开的沟通系统，确保信息客观公正。

adv-n：It is officially announced thatChinahas successfully launched her fist manned spaceship.

官方宣布，中国已经成功的发射了载人宇宙飞船。

He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但思想健康。

真题：中国人民始终希望天下太平，希望各国人民友好相处。

The Chinese people are always looking forward to the global peace and friendship among all nations.

We already routinely screen people.  (2002,9)对人们进行检查，在我们这里早就是家常便饭。

adv/n-adj：Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.

他们之间一直有着传统的友好关系。

他的画的特点是笔力沉着，颜色鲜明(adj)。

His paintings are characterized by steady strokes and bright colors.

Her beauty is beyond description.她漂亮得无法形容。

Collectively, the Asian Countries will have a larger economy than the rest of the world put together.  （2000，9）亚洲国家的经济总量，将超过其他国家地区（经济规模）的总和。

 Inside these nations there will be mass prosperity, but with a large minority in serious poverty, and a small number who are very rich. （2001，9）这些国家虽然呈现出欣欣向荣的态势，但是其中还有许多极端贫穷的弱势人群，还有少量富有人群。

词性转换( pro-v) ：I flew straight ahead, across the harbor and over the sea.

我笔直地向前告诉飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。

For many years, stainless steel had been used for small things only.

多年来，不锈钢仅仅被用来制造小物件。

转译成动词：

For Westerners inChina, the establishment of an effective team of managers means attracting -- and retaining both expatriate and local management talent. 对于在中国的西方人来说，建立一支有效的管理人员队伍意味着要同时吸引并留住来自海外的管理人才和本地的管理人才。

（四）其它词性转译：The dominant factor in the growth of the company in question throughout the years has been its success in maintaining technical superiority in product design and manufacturing techniques. 该公司多年来发展壮大的主要因素是一贯成功地保持了产品设计和制造工艺上的技术优势。

This time-lag is difficult to explain, but there are three possible reasons.

这种时滞现象很难解释，但可能有三个原因。

People would benefit greatly from a pollution-free vehicle.

无污染车辆会给人们带来很大的好处。