招标投标已成为一种通行的、具有强制性规范的贸易形式,已形成一些专业用语。其意义往往与普通词典上的释义不同,翻译时应予注意。例如: (1)GENERAL PROCUREMENT NOTICE是指联合国《发展论坛商业版》刊登的世界银行贷款项目的总的招标通告,目的是使合格的投标商早日了解投标机会。在这里procurement不能译成“获得”,其意义是:the process of obtaining supplies of sth., especially for a government or an organization,应译为“采购”;因此,GENERAL PROCUREMENT NOTICE应译为“总采购通告”。 (2)Turnkey Contract在招标文件中指的是“总包(交钥匙)工程招标文件”而非《英汉技术词典》上的“整套承包(合同)”。 (3)prequalify在招标文件中意为“对投标人进行投标资格预审”,与此对应,to postqualify tenderers则指在没有进行投标人资格预审的情况下,在开标后对投标人进行的资格审查,可以译为:“对投标人进行资格后审。因此Prequalification of Tenderers应译成“投标人资格预审”。 Bid在英文词典里的释义为:to offer to pay a particular price for sth., especially at an auction和to offer to do work or provide a service for a particular price, in competition with other companies, etc. 看来,将其译成“投标”应该不错,但是,我们在其后的解释中发现它的同义词就是tender;而在tender项下,该词典解释到:“v. to make a formal offer to supply goods to carry out work a stated price”和“n. a formal offer to supply goods or carry out work at a stated price”,其意义也是“投标”或“标书”,在词典中“tender”后也标着SYN(同义词)为BID (idem)。笔者在许多国际招标文件中读到,“bidders”被译成投标人,“bidding documents”既有译成“招标文件”的,也有译成“标书”的,而在FIDIC Tendering Procedure中“tenderers”指“投标人”, “tender”有时指“招标”,有时又指“投标”、“投标文件”,由此看来,bid和tender在招投标活动中所表达的意义是相同的,它的确切含义应由使用者在招投标活动中所处的地位及其context来定。 (4)Name of company leading the joint venture,这里的“the joint venture”不是常用的“合资企业”,而是指多个投标人为了满足招标人提出的条件而暂时结成的联营体,作为单一投标人参加和履行合同,合同履行完毕即解散,各投标人所拥有的资产也补合并,因此译成:“联营体牵头公司的名称”较恰当。
再举几例:
BID SCHEDULE OF PRICES – (国产货物或已进口货物)投标价格表 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE GOODS - 供货情况总表 SPECIFICATION DEVIATION FORM - 技术规格偏离表 FORM FOR BID SECURITY - 投标保证金格式 QUALIFICATION DOCUMENTS - 资格审查文件 SPECIMEN OF LETTER OF GUARANTEE FOR ADVANCE PAYMENT - 预付款保函格式
1.2 情态动词
与所有的法律文件相同,招投标文件在情态动词的选用上很慎重。May, must ,will, shall, should各司其职,不可混淆。应该注意的是,“shall”在招投标文件中,表示强制性责任、履行义务,与中文中“应该”、“必须”的意义相同,它表示的力度比“will”要强。根据Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,shall解释为: (formal or old-fashioned) used in official documents to show a law, command, obligation, compulsion.可见shall的这一用法较古老或者较正式,一般仅用于法律或半法律性正式文件中,含有“本条款具有法律规定的指令性和强制”之意。在招投标活动中,招标方提出要求时总是倾向于使用带有强制性含义的shall或must,而在谈到己方的义务或责任时,总是避免使用shall或must,较多选用will,should,甚至选用may,以淡化语言强度。例如: (1) The contract will be awarded to the lowest responsive bidder complying with the conditions and specifications of the invitation for bids provided his bid is reasonable and it is to the interest of the UNFPA to accept it. 参考译文:采购合同将被授予按照招标邀请函的条件和规定作出相应且标价最低的投标人,但是规定,该投标人的标价时合理的且符合联合国人口基金的利益。 (2) The bidder shall bear all costs associated with the preparation and submission of its bid. 参考译文:投标人须承担由于编制和提交其投标书而引起的一切费用。 (3) The Bid, all correspondences and documents shall be written in the English language. 参考译文:投标书、所有往来函件和文件均须用英语语言书写。
招投标文件中,常常用正式词语,复合短语替代被许多英语作家推荐使用的简单介词、连词,如用along the lines of 代替like,用for the purpose of 代替for;用正式、古旧的词汇替代常用词,这样使招投标文件显得正式、严谨。例如:
(1)修改文件将以书面形式通知所有购买招标文件的未来投标人。未来投标人应立即以书面形式确认已收到该修改文件。 参考译文:The amendment will be notified in writing to all prospective Bidders who have purchased the Bidding Documents. The prospective Bidders shall promptly acknowledge receipt thereof by fax/telex to AHTC. (2)ii. in the event of acceptance of the Tender by the Authority, the date upon which the Tenderer provides a performance security to the Authority in accordance with the terms of the contract thereby made between them, or 参考译文:ii. 在当局棘手了某个投标书的情况下, 该投标人按双方签订的合同条件向当局提交履约保证的日期。
2.1.2 词语并列 在招投标文件中有词汇并列的情况(juxtaposition),同(近)义词或相关词往往由and或or连接使用,例如:stipulations and provisions, complaints and claims, furnish and provide, fulfill or perform, null and void, in full force and effect等,这种词汇并列使用一是通过两个或多个词汇的共同含义来限定其唯一词义,从而排除了由于一次多义可能产生的歧义,体现招投标文件严谨;二是通过两个或多个词语的并列来体现招投标文件古雅、正式。例如: (1) Such consequences would normally be that the contract is declared null and void and the contractor forfeits his tender security. 参考译文:此类后果常常是,合同被宣布无效,以及承包商的投标保证金将被没收。 (2) 原文:投标文件的澄清招标中心可以请投标人澄清其投标内容。提出澄清的要求与答复均应是书面的,但不得要求改动价格或对投标内容进行实质性修改。 原译文:To assist in evaluation, the tendering center can ask the Bidders for explanation of their documents. The answer can be in written but cannot change its price and content in substance.
笔者试译:Clarification of Bids To assist in the examination, evaluation and comparison of Bids, the Tendering Center may ask bidders for clarification and the response shall be in writing and no change in the prices or substances of the bids shall be sought or offered.
All bids are to be validly received by China National Machinery Import & Export Corporation before 10:00 a.m. on the specified opening date at the address below. Bids will be opened at 10:30 a.m. December 20, 2001 (Beijing time). 参考译文:所有投标书须于规定的开标日当天上午10点之前送达位于下列地址的中国机械进出口总公司并被有效地接受。所有投标书将于背景时间2001年12月20日10:30被启封。
The tenderer should be informed that, if he has delivered, posted or dispatched his tender prior to the formal submission date he has the right to modify or make corrections to it, provided that any such modifications or corrections are received by the employer/engineer in writing prior to the time specified for submission of tenders. The original tender thus modified or corrected would then be considered as the official tender. 参考译文:应通知投标人,如果他在正式的提交日之前递交、邮寄或发送了他的投标书,他有权对其做出修改或更正,但规定,关于任何此类修改或更正,投标人必须使雇主/工程师在规定的投标书提交日期之前收到书面文本。如此修改或更正后的投标书正本即被认为是正式的投标书。
If the lowest evaluated tender as clarified still contains deviations which are unacceptable to the employer/engineer, the tenderer should be notified and given the opportunity of withdrawing such deviations in writing. The tenderer may do so only if he confirms in writing that the withdrawal makes no change to the tender price. If no such confirmation is received the tender should be rejected and the next lowest evaluated tender as clarified should be considered, and so on.